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Costco(COST)Q3 2026 深度研究報告

資料來源:2026-05-28 法說會逐字稿

重點:油價紅利、會員忠誠度、AI搜索變現、零售媒體、全球擴張


0. 先做數據校正:本逐字稿與題目數字有差異

在進行深度分析之前,必須先釐清新聞快訊(Headline)與管理層在法說會上實際口述數字之間的差異。本次法說會由財務長 Gary Millerchip 與執行長 Ron Vachris 共同主持,財報涵蓋截至 2026 年 5 月 10 日止的 12 週(第三財季)。以下為關鍵指標的校正對比:

項目新聞速報 / 題目數據逐字稿揭露實際數字(以法說會為準)
每股盈餘 (EPS)$4.93(不及預期 $0.04)淨利 $21.92 億,稀釋 EPS $4.93(年增 15%)
總營收$70.53B(超越預期 $887M)淨銷售額 $69.15B(年增 11.6%);含會員費總營收約 $70.53B
同店銷售增長未明確區分報告基礎 +9.8%;排除油價與匯率影響 +6.6%
會員費收入未提及$13.73 億(年增 10.7%,排除匯率 +9.9%)
資本支出未提及Q3 CapEx $14.1 億;全年預估約 $65 億
毛利率未提及報告毛利率 11.04%(年減 21 個基點);排除油價通膨影響年增 1 個基點
付費會員數未提及8,290 萬(年增 4.1%);高階會員 4,120 萬(年增 9.6%)

結論:速報的 $70.53B 營收應包含會員費收入($1.373B)+ 淨銷售額($69.15B),兩者加總吻合。以下所有分析均以管理層法說會逐字稿口述數據為絕對準繩。


1. 投資結論:油價動盪中的會員飛輪加速器,Costco 再次證明其「反脆弱」特性

在一個充滿宏觀不確定性的季度——中東地緣政治緊張推高油價、關稅政策陰影籠罩、食品通膨與通縮並存——Costco 交出了一份令人印象深刻的成績單。這不是一家被動承受宏觀壓力的零售商;相反,Costco 將油價危機轉化為史上最強的加油站流量紅利,將關稅退款承諾轉化為會員忠誠度的強化劑,並悄悄在 AI 搜索和零售媒體領域佈局下一個增長曲線。核心邏輯始終如一:當消費者面臨壓力時,Costco 的極致性價比 propositions 不僅留住既有會員,更吸引新會員入場。

從財務角度看,排除油價通膨影響後的毛利率實際年增 1 個基點,SG&A 費用率改善 2 個基點,說明核心本業的運營槓桿依然健康。同店銷售增長 6.6%(排除油價與匯率)在基效壓力下仍保持穩健,數位渠道增長 20.8% 更是亮眼。投資者應將此季度視為 Costco 商業模式「反脆弱性」的又一次實戰驗證——外部衝擊越大,會員對價值的渴望越強,Costco 的護城河就越深。

核心判斷:

會員生態:正向循環加速。 付費會員數年增 4.1% 至 8,290 萬,高階行政會員年增 9.6% 至 4,120 萬,續約率在數位會員混合壓力下企穩(美加 92.2%,全球 89.7%),顯示會員基礎品質持續提升。

油價紅利:結構性忠誠度增強。 加油站創下歷史成交量紀錄,最後 5 週成為公司有史以來成交量最高的 5 週,大量會員首次使用加油站服務,這將轉化為長期倉庫消費和續約率的提升。

利潤結構:主動投資價值,槓桿依然穩健。 管理層選擇在雞蛋、牛肉等品類主動降價,核心對核心毛利率僅下降 9 個基點,但 SG&A 改善抵消了壓力,營業利益率保持健康,體現了「以利換量」的策略自信。

數位與 AI:下一個 S 曲線的早期訊號。 AI 搜索流量雖然基數低但呈三位數增長,且轉換率為所有流量最高;個人化推薦貢獻近 $5 億電商銷售,零售媒體與 Google Commerce Media 的合作正式啟動。


2. 油氣業務:地緣政治危機轉化為歷史性流量紅利

2.1 管理層原話與數據

執行長 Ron Vachris 在開場白中直接點明了加油站業務在本季的突破性表現,將其歸因於中東事件對油價的推升效應:

“As events in the Middle East have had a significant impact on product supply and gas prices, our focus, as always, is to be there for our members by staying in stock and offering the best value. The result was record-breaking volumes, all 3 4-week fiscal periods of the quarter set successive all-time company volume sales records with the final 5 weeks of the quarter becoming our top 5 volume weeks ever.”

他進一步補充了加油站業務對新會員觸達的影響:

“The high consumer price sensitivity, which fueled these record volumes, also drove many members to use our gas stations for the very first time in the third quarter. We believe this will drive even greater loyalty with these members in the future as members who use our gas stations typically spend more with us in the warehouse.”

財務長 Gary Millerchip 在後續問答中提供了更多加油站策略的細節,特別是關於定價 gap 的擴大:

“...partly through the widening of our value in gas in the market to drive volume growth and more gallons and traffic to our gas stations.”

在回答 Evercore 分析師 Greg Melich 關於加油站利潤率的問題時,Millerchip 坦率地說明了利潤結構的變化:

“Our profit was a little bit higher year-over-year, but as a rate of sales, obviously, was significantly lower.”

在回答 Oppenheimer 分析師 Rupesh Parikh 關於加油站流量是否會永久性提升的問題時,Millerchip 提供了重要的長期視角:

“...over time, members that engage with us in gas are generally visiting more frequently, shopping more, buying more and also renewing at a higher rate.”

2.2 投資解讀:三層飛輪效應——從危機到結構性忠誠度

第一層:短期流量爆發。 中東地緣政治事件推高油價,消費者價格敏感度急劇上升。Costco 選擇主動擴大與市場的油價差距(widening the gap),以犧牲每加侖利潤率換取成交量爆發。結果是歷史性的——季度內三個 4 週財務期間連續創下成交量紀錄,最後 5 週成為公司有史以來成交量最高的 5 週。這不是偶然,而是 Costco 在危機中主動出擊的定價策略。

第二層:新增觸點與習慣養成。 更重要的是,許多會員在 Q3 首次使用 Costco 加油站。這是一個關鍵的行為轉變——一旦會員體驗了加油站的價值,他們傾向於將其納入常規消費習慣。Vachris 明確指出,使用加油站的會員通常在倉庫內花費更多。這意味著油價危機實際上為 Costco 創造了一個低成本的「會員重新激活」和「消費升級」渠道。

第三層:長期續約率與生態黏性。 Millerchip 在問答中確認了加油站用戶的續約率高於非加油站用戶。這將加油站從一個低利潤率的附屬業務提升為一個戰略性的會員忠誠度工具。雖然加油站的毛利率率(rate of sales)在擴大價差後顯著下降,但絕對利潤仍小幅年增,更重要的是其對整體會員生命週期價值(LTV)的正面影響遠超加油站本身的利潤貢獻。

值得注意的是,加油站同店銷售增長「正面高 20%」(positive high 20s),這包含了每加侖價格年增和成交量加速的雙重驅動。但管理層在毛利率分析中揭示,加油站增長顯著改變了銷售組合(mix),對報告核心毛利率產生了稀釋效應。這是一個需要持續監控的結構性變化——如果加油站佔比持續提升,投資者需要關注的核心指標應從報告毛利率轉向排除油價影響的毛利率。


3. 會員生態:基數增長放緩,但品質提升加速

3.1 管理層原話與數據

Gary Millerchip 對會員數據進行了詳細拆解:

“At Q3 end, we had 41.2 million paid executive memberships, up 9.6% versus last year... We ended the quarter with 82.9 million total paid members, up 4.1% versus last year and 148.5 million cardholders, up 4% year-over-year.”

關於會員費收入的驅動因素,他進一步拆解:

“The September 2024 U.S. and Canada membership fee increase accounted for a little more than 1/4 of membership income growth. Excluding the membership fee increase and FX, membership income grew 7% year-over-year. This was driven by continued growth in our membership base and upgrades to executive memberships.”

面對 UBS 分析師 Michael Lasser 對會員增長放緩至 4.1% 的擔憂,Millerchip 提供了重要的背景脈絡:

“...we haven't been opening new warehouses in major new markets. So if you think about some of the growth we've had in prior years in Asia, in particular, when we open new warehouses in Japan and in China, as an example, we tend to see an outsized growth in membership... we haven't seen a major new opening in the new international market for a while, which definitely has an impact.”

他進一步說明了對 4-5% 增長率的看法:

“So we think the sort of the 4% to 5% is a more normal rate of growth when you don't have the benefit of a large increase that's linked to some kind of special event like COVID or a new market entry.”

在續約率方面,Millerchip 提供了數位會員動態的重要洞察:

“...as we started to now see the mix maturing of digital members coming into the membership renewal rate... it was pleasing to see that our focus on increasing the renewal rates of these members through targeted digital communications and retention strategies more than offset the negative impact from this mix change in our membership base.”

關於中國市場的行政會員推出,Millerchip 表示:

“Overall, we've been very pleased. I think it's ahead of our expectations in China. We obviously launched with high expectations, believing it would be a great value for our members, but we've seen a higher level of activity than we initially have expected.”

3.2 投資解讀:從「量」的關注轉向「質」的深度

增長的「新常態」。 管理層明確承認 4-5% 的付費會員增長是缺乏特殊事件(如疫情或新市場進入)時的「更正常增長率」。這對投資者而言是一個重要的預期管理信號——不應期待付費會員數回到疫情期間的高雙位數增長。然而,這不代表會員價值的增長放緩。

行政會員是隱藏的金礦。 行政會員年增 9.6%,遠高於總付費會員的 4.1%,意味著行政會員佔比正在持續提升。行政會員的消費頻率和單次消費金額均顯著高於普通會員,且他們支付更高的年費($130 vs $65)。這種會員結構的升級意味著即使總會員數增長放緩,每會員平均收入(ARPU)仍在加速增長。事實上,排除會費調漲和匯率影響後的會員費收入仍增長 7%,明顯高於 4.1% 的會員數增長,這個差額正來自行政會員升級和新增高滲透率行政會員的結構效應。

續約率的「數位關卡」已過。 數位管道註冊會員的續約率歷來低於倉庫註冊會員,隨著數位會員佔比提升,這對整體續約率構成了結構性下行壓力。但 Q3 的數據顯示,管理層通過定向數位溝通和留存策略,已成功抵消了這一混合效應。美加續約率回升 10 個基點至 92.2%,全球維持 89.7%,這是一個重要的正面訊號——說明管理層已找到應對數位會員續約率挑戰的有效方法。

中國行政會員的超預期表現。 中國市場的行政會員計劃剛剛起步,但早期表現「超出預期」。考慮到中國目前僅有 7 家倉庫,行政會員的快速滲透意味著中國會員的消費能力和意願可能高於管理層的初始假設。隨著中國倉庫數量的持續擴張,這將成為會員費收入的一個重要增長槓桿。


4. 定價策略與毛利率:主動投資價值的藝術

4.1 管理層原話與數據

Ron Vachris 在開場白中明確闡述了 Costco 的定價哲學:

“Our goal is to be the first to lower prices and the last to raise them, and Gary will share some examples later in the call where we lowered prices this quarter.”

Gary Millerchip 詳細拆解了毛利率的變動:

“Our reported rate was lower year-over-year by 21 basis points, coming in at 11.04% compared to 11.25% last year. Excluding gas inflation, the gross margin rate was higher by 1 basis point.”

他進一步解釋了核心對核心毛利率下降的原因:

“This decrease was due to slightly lower margins in fresh and food and sundries, where we invested in lower prices for our members on several everyday items such as eggs and beef. Transportation costs were also a headwind in the quarter due to higher gas prices.”

Millerchip 列舉了多個具體的降價案例:

“...a few examples this quarter included KS Crispy Wings from $16.99 to $14.99, KS Milk Chocolate Almonds from $19.99 to $18.99, KS Golf Balls from $32.99 to $29.99 and KS King Size Sheets from $89.99 to $79.99.”

在回答 Morgan Stanley 分析師關於核心對核心毛利率下降是否代表更激進的價值定位時,Millerchip 回應:

“...we saw it as an opportunity recognizing that our members are dealing with higher gas prices to really invest in increasing value for the member... we felt that was the right thing to do to continue to drive top line growth in the business and deliver value for our members.”

他還補充了一個關鍵的自評:

“I would say, in general, to the final part of your question, we tend to view ourselves as our toughest competitor.”

4.2 投資解讀:在正確的時機做正確的投資

LIFO 紅利的策略性部署。 Q3 核心對核心毛利率下降 9 個基點,但這並非被迫之舉。管理層明確表示,他們知道本季正在 laps 去年較大的 LIFO 費用(去年 Q3 LIFO 費用 $1.3 億 vs 今年 $0.44 億),因此選擇將這個利潤率紅利「還給」會員——在雞蛋、牛肉等日常品類主動降價。這是一個典型的 Costco 式操作:在有餘裕時投資價值,而非將利潤率改善直接落入底線。

Kirkland Signature 的定價武器。 多個降價案例均針對自有品牌 KS 產品。KS 產品的降價不僅強化了價值感知,更重要的是深化了會員對自有品牌的依賴和信任。新推出的 KS Energy Drink、KS Ultra Filtered Milk、KS Sea Salt Popcorn 等產品,提供比國家品牌同等品質產品低 15-20% 的價格,這是一個持續擴大的「品牌替代」策略。

混合效應的遮蔽作用。 報告毛利率下降 21 個基點看似令人擔憂,但排除油價通膨後實際改善 1 個基點。核心毛利率下降 46 個基點與核心對核心僅下降 9 個基點之間的巨大差異,主要來自加油站、電商和藥房銷售增長快於核心商品銷售所造成的混合效應。投資者應關注排除油價影響的整體毛利率(+1 bp)和核心對核心毛利率(-9 bp),而非報告數字。

運輸成本的逆風。 油價上漲直接推高了運輸成本,這是管理層無法完全控制的成本壓力。但即便如此,他們仍選擇在前端降價,說明對長期會員忠誠度和頂線增長的信心高於對短期利潤率的執著。這種「先會員、後股東」的策略看似逆勢,實則是 Costco 長期複利回報的根源。


5. 數位轉型與 AI:下一個增長曲線的早期訊號

5.1 管理層原話與數據

Ron Vachris 在開場白中介紹了多項數位化進展:

“The enhancements we have made include improvements to the mobile wallet, the introduction of digital membership card quick access on the Costco app and the rollout of our shopping cart prescan tool internationally.”

他特別強調了當日配送服務的進展:

“Average same-day delivery time in the U.S. is now less than 45 minutes, and the average member satisfaction rating is 4.8 out of 5. This part of our business is growing at an even faster rate than our digital business overall and is a strong driver of loyalty as it is often our highest spending members who are using this service.”

關於 AI 搜索,Vachris 提出了一個前瞻性的觀點:

“...we're working with the leading AI companies to improve the visibility of our values to current and potential future Costco members. We believe AI is changing how consumers research products and has the potential to be a significant opportunity for Costco given our pricing authority and our focus on quality.”

Millerchip 在財務回顧中提供了更多 AI 搜索的量化數據:

“While the volume of traffic generated from AI search is still low, we saw triple-digit growth in Q3, and this activity has the highest conversion rate of all traffic coming to our site.”

他還分享了個人化推薦的成果:

“In Q3, our personalized product recommendation carousels delivered conversion rates 3x better than our typical conversion rates and contributed just under $0.5 billion of e-commerce sales.”

關於零售媒體,Millerchip 宣布了一個重要合作:

“Q3 marked the launch of a new collaboration with Google Commerce Media and YouTube. Launching this partnership will make it easier for brands and agencies to collaborate with Costco retail media and is a significant milestone on our journey towards increasing our share of retail media revenue.”

在問答環節中,Vachris 進一步解釋了 AI 搜索對 Costco 的獨特價值:

“Good example of categories would be like appliances. We've got a good value on appliances, a very good everyday value, but our real big value is in an all-in pricing that our prices include delivery, installation, haul away. Regular search didn't show all that value. Now with these large language models, they're able to look at the entire value...”

Millerchip 補充了 AI 搜索的廣度:

“...as we've started to work on updating our product pages to ensure that they're reflecting and translating through those large language models so our value and our quality is showing up... those generally resonate well with those large language models.”

5.2 投資解讀:Costco 的「隱形 AI 紅利」被市場嚴重低估

AI 搜索是 Costco 的天然盟友。 傳統搜索引擎(如 Google Shopping)往往以價格排序為主,無法呈現 Costco 的「全包式定價」優勢——例如家電價格包含配送、安裝、舊機回收,輪胎價格包含安裝、道路危險保障和氮氣填充。Vachris 明確指出,大型語言模型(LLM)能夠理解這些附加價值,使 Costco 在 AI 搜索結果中獲得不對稱的競爭優勢。這是一個極其重要的長期趨勢——隨著越來越多消費者轉向 AI 助手進行購物研究,Costco 的「真實價值」將被更準確地呈現。

個人化推薦的槓桿效應。 個人化產品推薦輪播的轉換率是典型轉換率的 3 倍,貢獻了近 $5 億的電商銷售額。這說明 Costco 的數位化不再是簡單的「線上目錄」,而是開始利用數據驅動的推薦引擎來提升客單價和購買頻率。考慮到 Costco 擁有 1.485 億持卡人的龐大會員基礎,個人化推薦的增長空間依然巨大。

零售媒體的高利潤率潛力。 與 Google Commerce Media 和 YouTube 的合作標誌著 Costco 零售媒體業務進入了一個新階段。零售媒體是當今零售業最高利潤率的增長領域之一,Amazon 的廣告業務利潤率超過 50%。Costco 擁有高消費力會員的精準購物數據,這對品牌方具有極高的吸引力。雖然管理層沒有提供零售媒體的收入數字,但將其稱為「significant milestone」,暗示這是一個被認真投入資源的戰略方向。

當日配送的忠誠度飛輪。 美國平均當日配送時間不到 45 分鐘,滿意度 4.8/5,且使用者多是最高消費會員。西班牙和法國的當日配送服務也已推出。這不僅是一個便利性提升,更是一個鎖定高價值會員的策略——當最高消費會員將 Costco 的當日配送納入日常習慣時,他們的錢包份額和續約意願都會進一步提升。


6. 關稅與通膨:管理層的「防御性攻擊」策略

6.1 管理層原話與數據

Ron Vachris 在開場白中直接談及了關稅問題:

“On the topic of tariffs, we started submitting our refund claims for the IEEPA tariffs. We are doing this through the process set up by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection. These submissions will go in over what may be the next few months.”

他詳細說明了退款計劃:

“As we've mentioned before, our plan is to return to our members in some form, the portion of tariffs that were passed on to them. How much we return and when depends on a variety of factors, including how much refund money we receive and when it arrives as well as developments in the lawsuit filed against the company regarding the return process.”

Millerchip 在通膨分析中提供了更多細節:

“Overall, inflation increased slightly in Q3, largely because of higher gas prices. This was offset by lower inflation in food and sundries and fresh, primarily due to deflation in produce, eggs and dairy.”

他警告了非食品類的未來通膨壓力:

“Inflation increased slightly in nonfoods, and we are anticipating further inflation in a number of nonfood categories as higher resin costs start to flow into cost of goods.”

在回答 Evercore 分析師 Greg Melich 的通膨問題時,Millerchip 進一步拆解:

“...we're seeing higher cost of memory chips in computers having an impact on the sort of cost of items in majors... the secondary in nonfoods that we see, particularly if oil prices remain at elevated levels, is likely to see some increases in items that have sort of plastic components or polyester or cotton because of the impact of higher resin costs.”

面對 JPMorgan 分析師 Christopher Horvers 關於市場定價理性的問題,Millerchip 做出了一個值得深思的回應:

“I think, Chris, it's really just consistent with the way we run the business. We've always, I think, taken the approach of trying to be the first to lower prices and the last to raise prices.”

6.2 投資解讀:Costco 的通膨應對不是「防御」,而是「攻擊」

關稅退款的戰略意義。 管理層對 IEEPA 關稅退款的態度非常明確——將退回的部分以某種形式返還給會員。這不僅是一個法律和合規行為,更是一個強大的品牌信任建設工具。當 Costco 告訴會員「我們會把多收的關稅退給你」時,它強化了「Costco 永遠站在會員這邊」的核心品牌承諾。這對續約率的正面影響可能遠超退款金額本身。

通膨的「雙面刃」效應。 食品通縮(農產品、雞蛋、乳製品)為 Costco 提供了降價的空間,而非食品通膨(樹脂成本、記憶體晶片)則是未來的壓力源。管理層已提前採購部分電子產品以緩解成本壓力(「we took the opportunity to buy forward some items there to try and mitigate and minimize the impact for our members」),這體現了強大的供應鏈管理能力。

定價理性的延續。 面對分析師對市場是否出現「非理性定價」的提問,Millerchip 的回答暗示 Costco 並未觀察到行業層面的重大定價行為變化。他將 Costco 的定價策略描述為「consistent with the way we run the business」,這意味著管理層沒有因為宏觀環境而改變其長期定價哲學。這對投資者而言是一個重要的穩定性信號。


7. 商品品類分析:自選健康與奢華的矛盾統一

7.1 管理層原話與數據

Millerchip 對各品類的表現進行了詳細回顧:

“Fresh comparable sales were up high single digits in the quarter, led by meat and bakery. In meat, we saw strength in both premium cuts of beef and lower-cost proteins such as ground beef and poultry.”

他特別提到了一個有趣的消費趨勢:

“We also saw members wanting to splurge on higher-value self-care items where the quality and value is compelling. For example, we experienced almost 50% sales growth in saunas and massage chairs during the quarter.”

在非食品類,他列舉了表現最佳的部門:

“Nonfoods comp sales were up high single digits in Q3. Top-performing departments were gold and jewelry, small electrics, tires, home furnishings, majors and health and beauty.”

在食品和日用品方面:

“In food and sundries, comp sales grew mid-single digits, led by packaged foods and candy. While egg price deflation was a headwind to sales, this was partially offset by significant growth in other items such as protein snacks and protein bars.”

在藥房業務方面,Millerchip 提供了重要的增長驅動因素:

“Pharmacy led the way and saw significant market share gains in the quarter... These include increased GLP-1 demand and inclusion of Wegovy and Ozempic in our member prescription program, great value on pet medications, acceptance of Medicare D over-the-counter flex cards and expansion of our mail order and specialty pharmacy offerings.”

7.2 投資解讀:消費分層下的「Costco 折衷」

「精明奢華」趨勢。 蒸汽浴房和按摩椅銷售增長近 50% 是一個極具指標意義的數據。這說明消費者並非單純「縮衣節食」,而是在尋找「聰明的奢華」——他們願意在提供壓倒性性價比的高價值自選商品上花錢。Costco 的 KS 產品和大包裝品牌商品正好滿足了這種「有品質的節儉」需求。這對理解當前消費環境至關重要:這不是一個簡單的「低端化」或「消費降級」故事,而是一個「消費重分配」故事——從低性價比渠道流向高性價比渠道。

GLP-1 藥房的結構性增長。 藥房業務是本季的亮點之一,「顯著市場份額增益」加上 Wegovy 和 Ozempic 納入會員處方計劃,為 Costco 開闢了一個結構性的增長賽道。GLP-1 藥物的需求爆發是未來多年的結構性趨勢,Costco 通過提供具競爭力的價格和便利的郵購服務,正在將這一趨勢轉化為會員忠誠度和藥房利潤的雙重增長。

蛋白質趨勢的持續。 蛋白質零食和蛋白質棒的顯著增長,加上肉類部門的強勁表現(涵蓋高端牛排和低成本蛋白如碎牛肉和家禽),反映了消費者對蛋白質攝入的持續關注。這為 Costco 的生鮮供應鏈和 KS 蛋白質產品線提供了長期增長動力。


8. 國際擴張:五年路線圖的清晰度

8.1 管理層原話與數據

Vachris 在開場白中介紹了擴張進度:

“Our real estate and operations team continue to focus on increasing our pipeline of new warehouses, both domestically and internationally as we target 30-plus net new openings per year in the coming years.”

他補充了本季的具體開店數據:

“In the quarter, we opened 4 net new warehouses, including 3 in the U.S. and 1 additional Canadian business center. Those openings brought our total warehouse count to 928 worldwide. We currently expect to have 26 net new openings in fiscal year '26, down 2 buildings from the prior call with those 2 buildings now set to open in fiscal year '27.”

在回答 Guggenheim 分析師 John Heinbockel 關於國際擴張路線圖的問題時,Vachris 提供了罕見的具體指引:

“In Canada, yes, we have a lot of upside potential. We've got some clubs. We've got the next 3 to 5 years charted out. And so we see consistent strong growth in Canada for at least the next 5 years...”

“In Asia, great opportunities remain in China, in Korea and in Japan. Taiwan, we do see opportunity for a few more locations in that region, but we think primarily those other 3 big countries have the greatest potential for us as well.”

“Europe, we're still very young in France, and we see that coming. Spain has got the shorter leeway that we see significant growth in Spain over the next 3 years as well. And the U.K. has been very strong for us the last 3 years.”

8.2 投資解讀:全球坪效紅利的長期複利

30+ 淨新增的加速目標。 管理層明確提出了「未來幾年每年 30 家以上淨新增」的目標,這比歷史節奏有顯著加速。FY26 預計 26 家淨新增(較前次指引減少 2 家,推遲至 FY27),全年資本支出預算 $65 億,反映管理層對長期增長機會的信心。

國際市場的分層策略。 Vachris 的回答揭示了一個清晰的國際擴張優先級:中國、韓國、日本是亞洲的三大長期增長引擎;西班牙是歐洲的近期焦點(「未來 3 年顯著增長」);法國仍處於早期階段;英國近年表現強勁且持續看好;加拿大至少還有 5 年的穩定增長空間。這種分層策略意味著 Costco 不會「撒胡椒」式擴張,而是根據每個市場的成熟度和潛力來分配資源。

遷移策略的坪效提升。 本年已完成 2 次倉庫遷移,Q4 還有 1 次計劃。將高客流倉庫遷移至更大面積、更多停車位和擴大加油站的位置,是一個低風險、高回報的坪效提升策略。這些遷移項目通常能顯著提升單店銷售額和會員滿意度。


9. SG&A 與運營效率:隱藏的利潤率改善

9.1 管理層原話與數據

Millerchip 對 SG&A 進行了拆解:

“Our reported SG&A rate was lower or better year-over-year by 20 basis points, coming in at 8.96% compared to last year's 9.16%. Excluding gas inflation, SG&A was lower or better by 2 basis points year-over-year.”

他進一步分析了運營組件:

“The operations component of SG&A was lower or better by 12 basis points, but worse or higher by 3 basis points, excluding the impact of gas inflation as underlying improvements in productivity were offset by higher health care costs.”

他還提到了一個一次性因素的影響:

“This quarter, SG&A also benefited 5 basis points from lapping the catch-up accrual in Q3 last year for higher vacation days in our 2025 employee agreement.”

9.2 投資解讀:生產力改善 vs 醫療成本壓力的拉鋸

SG&A 的改善是本季的一個重要亮點。報告 SG&A 改善 20 個基點,排除油價影響後仍改善 2 個基點。但更值得關注的是運營 SG&A 的拆解——排除油價影響後實際惡化 3 個基點,原因是「潛在的生產力改善被更高的醫療成本所抵消」。這是一個值得長期追蹤的趨勢:醫療成本上漲是美國零售業的結構性挑戰,如果持續惡化,可能侵蝕 Costco 的運營槓桿。不過,5 個基點的假期薪資追補效應 laps 說明排除一次性因素後,基礎運營效率仍然穩健。


10. 管理層語氣分析

Ron Vachris(總裁兼執行長): 語氣自信而務實。他在加油站業務上展現了明顯的驕傲感(「record-breaking volumes」「our gas team performed exceptionally well」),在定價策略上顯得堅定而從容(「first to lower prices and the last to raise them」)。他對 AI 搜索的討論展現了前瞻性思維,但並未過度承諾。整體而言,Vachris 延續了 Costco 管理層一貫的低調自信風格——不張揚、不迴避問題、用數據說話。他對國際擴張路線圖的回答罕見地具體,暗示管理層對長期增長計劃有高度信心。

Gary Millerchip(執行副總裁兼財務長): 語氣精準而透明。他在毛利率拆解上提供了異常詳細的數據(報告 vs 排除油價 vs 核心對核心),顯示出對財務細節的深入掌控。面對分析師對會員增長放緩和利潤率壓力的尖銳提問,他不迴避、不粉飾,直接提供了背景脈絡(如 4-5% 是更正常的增長率)。他在 AI 和零售媒體方面的討論展現了一個傳統零售商 CFO 對新技術的開放態度。整體而言,Millerchip 正在建立一個「數據驅動、策略清晰」的 CFO 形象,這對投資者信心是一個正面因素。


11. 風險與監控指標

1. 油價回落後的加油站流量持續性: 如果油價從高位回落,加油站成交量是否會相應下降?管理層相信首次使用加油站的會員會形成長期習慣,但這尚未被歷史數據充分驗證。傳導路徑:油價正常化 → 加油站價差吸引力下降 → 成交量回落 → 加油站對會員忠誠度的邊際貢獻減弱。

2. 非食品通膨的傳導壓力: 樹脂成本上漲(受油價影響)將推高塑膠、聚酯、棉製品的成本。記憶體晶片價格上漲影響電子產品。如果這些成本無法完全通過採購策略抵消,管理層將面臨「漲價損流量」或「吸收成本損利潤率」的兩難。傳導路徑:油價維持高位 → 樹脂成本上升 → 非食品成本上漲 → 毛利率壓力或漲價壓力。

3. 關稅退款訴訟的不確定性: 管理層提到退款計劃受「developments in the lawsuit filed against the company regarding the return process」影響。如果訴訟結果不如預期,退款金額或時間可能受到限制,這可能影響會員對 Costco 的信任。傳導路徑:訴訟不利結果 → 退款計劃受限或延遲 → 會員信任受損 → 續約率壓力。

4. 會員增長的結構性放緩: 管理層承認 4-5% 是更正常的增長率。隨著美國市場逐漸成熟,如果國際擴張速度不如預期,會員基數增長可能進一步放緩。此外,數位會員的續約率雖然在 Q3 抵消了混合壓力,但長期趨勢仍需觀察。傳導路徑:會員增長持續放緩 → 頂線增長引擎減弱 → 估值倍數壓縮。

5. 混合效應對毛利率的持續稀釋: 加油站、電商和藥房的高增長正在改變銷售組合,壓低報告核心毛利率。如果這種趨勢持續,即使核心業務健康,報告數字可能持續承壓,影響市場感知。傳導路徑:高增長低利潤率業務佔比提升 → 報告毛利率持續受壓 → 市場誤讀為基本面惡化。


12. 最終評級觀點

Costco Q3 2026 的業績再次證明了其商業模式在宏觀動盪中的卓越韌性。在一個油價飆升、關稅陰影籠罩、食品通膨與通縮並存的季度裡,管理層不僅守住了核心利潤率(排除油價後毛利率年增 1 個基點),更將外部衝擊轉化為加深會員忠誠度的戰略機遇。加油站的歷史性成交量不僅帶來了短期銷售增長,更重要的是引入了大量首次使用加油站的會員,為長期消費升級和續約率提升埋下了種子。

從長期投資角度,Costco 的核心護城河——極致性價比、會員制飛輪、自有品牌壁壘、全球擴張空間——不僅沒有被削弱,反而在每一次宏觀壓力測試中得到了強化。行政會員 9.6% 的增長速是度總會員增長的兩倍以上,說明會員品質的提升正在加速。AI 搜索三位數增長和最高轉換率、零售媒體與 Google 的合作、當日配送不到 45 分鐘的極致體驗,這些都是下一個增長曲線的早期訊號。即使考慮到當前約 48.6 倍的前瞻本益比估值偏高,Costco 的複利特性——會員基數穩定增長、ARPU 持續提升、運營槓桰逐步釋放——使其成為少數值得長期溢價持有的消費股。投資者應將每一次宏觀波動視為加倉的機會,因為 Costco 的歷史已經反覆證明:外部壓力越大,其價值主張越強,飛輪轉得越快。